5d) Industrial manufacture of chemicals

Nitrogen from the air and hydrogen from either natural gas or from the cracking of hydrocarbons are used in the manufacture of ammonia

Haber Process:
Manufacture of ammonia

Uses of ammonia
- fertiliser
- nitric acid
- nylon fabric

Paper Two - Sulfuric acid 

Raw materials used to manufacture it: sulfur and oxygen 

Contact Process 
Manufacture of sulfuric acid 
Stage one: sulfur and oxygen --> sulfur dioxide 
Stage two: sulfur dioxide and oxygen  sulfur trioxide 
Stage three: sulfur trioxide and conc sulfuric acid --> fuming sulfuric acid 
Stage four: fuming sulfuric acid and water --> sulfuric acid 

Conditions: 450C, 2 atmospheres of pressure and vanadiumn oxide (V2O5) catalyst 

Uses of sulfuric acid:
- fertilisers 
- detergents 
- paints and pigments 
- plastics 
- paper and fibres 

Electrolysis of Brine

Ions present: Na+ Cl- H+ OH- 
Ion attraction to electrode:
Anode (+)  Cl-     OH-
Cathode (-) Na+   H+

Actual products: at cathode is hydrogen due to the reactivity series; lower reacting one forms out of possible products 
at anode chlorine because if you have a halideion (group 7 ion) then the halogen will from, if not the oxygen will 

Half Equations:
Cathode - 2H⁺ + 2e^- --> H₂ 
Anode - 2Cl^- --> Cl₂ + 2e^-

Useful products

1. Chlorine: sterilise water supplies and also used to make bleach and HCl
2. Hydrogen: used in the haber process and changes oil into fat to make margarine 
3. Sodium Hydroxide: used to make soap, bleach and paper pulp